{"id":9,"date":"2013-12-04T12:32:25","date_gmt":"2013-12-04T09:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/energy\/2013\/12\/04\/la-plus-ancienne-table-astronomique-maya\/"},"modified":"2013-12-04T12:32:25","modified_gmt":"2013-12-04T09:32:25","slug":"la-plus-ancienne-table-astronomique-maya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/sciences\/la-plus-ancienne-table-astronomique-maya\/","title":{"rendered":"La plus ancienne table astronomique maya"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.pourlascience.fr\/e_img\/boutique\/table_astronomique_maya_web_16052012_full.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"zaa\" title=\"aaa\" width=\"200\" height=\"134\" style=\"float: right;\" \/>Des arch\u00e9ologues ont d\u00e9couvert une table astronomique maya datant du IX<sup>e<\/sup>si\u00e8cle de notre \u00e8re, peinte et grav\u00e9e sur les murs d\u2019une r\u00e9sidence du site de Xultun, au Guatemala.<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Les Mayas, dont le territoire s\u2019\u00e9tendait du Sud du Mexique jusqu\u2019au Honduras, \u00e9taient des astronomes reconnus. On a ainsi retrouv\u00e9 leurs observations et leurs pr\u00e9dictions consign\u00e9es dans trois livres en papier d\u2019\u00e9corce, les codex, tous post\u00e9rieurs au XI<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle. Le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre d\u2019entre eux, le codex de Dresde, d\u00e9crit notamment le cycle de V\u00e9nus (les jours o\u00f9 la plan\u00e8te est visible dans le ciel nocturne) et les dates des \u00e9clipses de Soleil.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>William Saturno, de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Boston, et ses coll\u00e8gues ont d\u00e9couvert une table astronomique ant\u00e9rieure de plusieurs si\u00e8cles aux codex, peinte et grav\u00e9e sur les murs d\u2019une r\u00e9sidence de la cit\u00e9 maya de Xultun, au Guatemala : dat\u00e9e du d\u00e9but du IX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle de notre \u00e8re, c\u2019est la plus ancienne connue.<\/p>\n<p>Les peintures et les gravures \u00e9taient r\u00e9alis\u00e9es dans une couche d\u2019enduit qui recouvrait les murs. Selon Fran\u00e7ois Gendron, du Museum national d&rsquo;histoire naturelle (MNHN), \u00e0 Paris, cette technique rend les peintures plus r\u00e9sistantes, car l\u2019enduit frais s\u2019impr\u00e8gne des pigments (le terme fresque vient d\u2019ailleurs de l\u2019italien <em>a fresco<\/em>, signifiant <em>dans le frais)<\/em>. Ce n\u2019est que le second site maya de l\u2019\u00e8re classique (du III<sup>e<\/sup> au IX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle de notre \u00e8re) o\u00f9 l\u2019on d\u00e9couvre de telles peintures murales.<\/p>\n<p>Celles-ci comprennent des s\u00e9ries de nombres et de glyphes (des dessins repr\u00e9sentant des id\u00e9es, des personnages ou des objets). Parmi les glyphes se trouvent des symboles figurant des \u00ab\u00a0mois\u00a0\u00bb et des jours des deux calendriers utilis\u00e9s par les Mayas\u00a0: le Tzolk\u2019in, un calendrier religieux et divinatoire comportant des cycles de 260\u00a0jours (20\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0mois\u00a0\u00bb de 13\u00a0jours), et le Haab, un calendrier solaire civil de 365\u00a0\u00a0jours (18 \u00ab\u00a0mois\u00a0\u00bb de 20\u00a0jours et un de cinq).<\/p>\n<p>Les nombres \u00e9voquent des dates\u00a0: ils correspondent au nombre de jours s\u00e9parant celles-ci soit de la cr\u00e9ation mythique du monde (en l\u2019an 3114\u00a0avant notre \u00e8re pour certains sp\u00e9cialistes, mais cette date varie selon les cit\u00e9s mayas), soit de jours particuliers du Tzolk\u2019in inscrits au-dessus des nombres. Le syst\u00e8me consistant \u00e0 rep\u00e9rer les dates par un nombre de jours \u00e9coul\u00e9s depuis la cr\u00e9ation du monde est nomm\u00e9 Compte long et permet de faire le lien entre les deux calendriers mayas. <\/p>\n<p>Bien que la signification pr\u00e9cise de ces indications calendaires reste \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer, plusieurs indices font penser \u00e0 une table astronomique\u00a0: on trouve par exemple une s\u00e9rie de dates surmont\u00e9es par des glyphes repr\u00e9sentant la lune et s\u00e9par\u00e9es par un intervalle de 178\u00a0\u00a0jours, \u00e9gal \u00e0 un \u00ab semestre lunaire \u00bb, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire \u00e0 six lunaisons (la dur\u00e9e qui s\u00e9pare deux nouvelles lunes, soit environ 29,5\u00a0jours) ; ces semestres sont notamment utilis\u00e9s dans le codex de Dresde pour pr\u00e9voir les \u00e9clipses de Soleil. D\u2019autres nombres semblent li\u00e9s \u00e0 V\u00e9nus et \u00e0 Mars, tels des multiples communs de 584\u00a0et\u00a0780 (V\u00e9nus et Mars retrouvent les m\u00eames positions dans le ciel terrestre respectivement tous les 584 et 780\u00a0jours). 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Guatemala.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-9","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-archeologie"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}